（本文为课程教案，纯干货，没有任何废话，共7000余字，适合保存备用）
(1)形式和语法功能：不定式，动名词，分词（现在分词，过去分词）
不定式兼具名词、形容词和副词性质，可做谓语以外的任何句子成分
动名词是名词性质，能够做主语、宾语、表语和定语
分词是形容词性质，可做表语、宾语补语、定语、状语
(2)变化：没有人称和数的变化，没有现在、过去和将来时，但有一般体、进行体、完成体三种体的区分
(3)性质：保留了动词的性质，有自己的宾语和状语，有被动语态
(4)区别：不定式有将要之意，有还没有做的含义；现在分词有主动和进行意义，过去分词有被动和完成意义。
现在分词与动名词作定语的区别：现在分词相当于定语从句，可改成定语从句；动名词相当于名词作定语，说明被修饰词的类别、功能或性质，不可改成定语从句。
The sleeping child=the child who is sleeping
(5)否定形式：在不定式前加not
They told us not to play basketball too long.他们告诉我们不要玩太长时间篮球。
ask sb.to do sth.---ask sb.not to do sth.
(6)疑问式：疑问词what/which/when/where/how+to do，可构成不定式短语, 在句中可用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语等。
When to start has not been decided.(主语)
He didn't know where to go.(宾语)他不知道去哪里。
Can you tell me how to get there?(宾语补足语)
The question is who(m) to ask.(表语)
He gave a talk on how to study English well.(介词宾语)
动名词和动词不定式作主语，在许多情况下可以通用。不同：动名词作主语多表示抽象或多次的行为；不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。
To get an injection is a little painful.
To learn English well is a good thing.
不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末
To go abroad is his dream.→ It is his dream to go abroad.
To say is easy, to do is difficult.→ It is easy to say, it is difficult to do.
It takes me two hours to finish my English homework.
It's difficult to learn English well.
不定式作主语有两种特殊结构，一种是在表示人的品质的形容词后由of引导其逻辑主语：It＋be＋形容词＋of sb.＋动词不定式。
It's +clever,wise, kind, good, right, nice, wrong, bad, cruel silly, stupid, foolish, careful, careless + (of + sb.) + to do sth.
It's very kind of you to help me.你帮助我真是太好啦。
It's very clever of you to do like that.你那样做真是太聪明啦！
It's clever/foolish/polite/careful/careless of you to do that.
不定式作主语有两种特殊结构，另一种是表示事物属性的形容词后由for引导其逻辑主语：It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋动词不定式。
It's +difficult, hard, easy, possible, impossible, important, + for + sb.+ to do sth.
It's important (for us) to protect environment.(对我们来说)保护环境是很重要的。
It's difficult for us to finish it on time.
Seeing is believing.（眼见为实）
Eating too much is bad for your health.吃得太多对身体健康有害。
动名词作主语时，也可用it作形式主语，而将动名词放于句末
It's no use complaining about others.
Crying over spilt milk is no use. It is no use crying over spilt milk.
不定式和动名词均可作宾语，部分可以通用，部分有很大区别。
He wants to go out with her. She hopes to find a better job.
I wish to go with you. Children love to play games.
一些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语，表示命令、打算或希望，如：
want(想), plan(计划), wish(愿望), learn(学会), expect(期望), decide(决定), choose(挑选), fail(失败), hope(希望), agree(同意), promise(承诺), can't wait(迫不及待)。记忆口诀：相机愿学七绝，条石细桶撑破。
另有：would like, can't afford（负担不起）等。
希望做某事hope to do sth.；希望做某事wish to do sth.
想做某事want to do sth.；同意做某事agree to do sth.
学习做某事learn to do sth.；选择做某事choose to do sth.
叫某人做某事tell sb.to do sth.；期望做某事expect to do sth.
Would you like to see a film this evening?你今晚想去看电影吗？
He has promised to behave better later. Do you wish to eat alone?
I hope to go to college. He agreed to help us.
She chose to study chemistry. He failed to persuade him.
I don't mind listening to that story again.我不介意再听一遍那个故事。
He always enjoys listening to music.他对听音乐总是兴致勃勃。
I often practice speaking English.
I have finished cleaning the room.我打扫完房间了。
You shouldn't keep changing your ideas like this.你不能像这样老变主意。
有些及物动名词前面有意义上的主语，用代词所有格或宾格（宾补结构）。
Would you mind my opening the door.
I protest his treating me like a slave.
I often picture myself living a beautiful life.
I cannot approve him behaving like that.可分析为宾补结构。
以下动词可用动名词做宾语：
finish(完成), practise(练习), enjoy(欣赏), understand(理解), avoid(避免), keep(保持), mind(介意), deny(拒绝), risk(冒险), prevent(阻止), resist(坚持), be worth(值得), be busy(忙于), have fun(有趣), miss(相信)。
记忆口诀：弯莲行礼毕，保洁举毛竹，剪纸蟒有箱。
另有：consider考虑; delay拖延; dislike不喜欢; excuse原谅; fancy幻想; forgive原谅; imagine设想; pardon原谅;suggest建议;admit,have difficulty/problem/trouble
两可意义无太大区别：love, like, hate, need, prefer, begin, start, continue等。
I like to play/playing tennis.我想打网球[爱好打网球]。
I don't like to disturb you when you're so busy.我不想在你那么忙时打扰你
I don't like disturbing others.我不喜欢打扰别人
以下动词后接不定式和动名词意义有较大区别：
(继续)(1)go on to/go on doing；(停止)(2)stop to do/doing
(忘记)(3)forget to do/doing；(记得)(4)remember to do/doing
(遗憾)(5)regret doing/to do；(试着)(6)try to do/doing
(结束)(7)cease doing/to do；(帮助)(8)can't help doing/(to) do
(允许)(9)allow doing/to do；(意味)(10)mean to doing/to do
记忆口诀：鸡停忘记衣，师姐帮运衣。
(1)go on to do做完一件事接着去做另一件；go on doing继续不停地做某事
go on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事；go on doing继续做原来做的事
Go on to do the other exercise after you finish this one.做完这个练习题后，接着做另一个练习题。
Go on doing the exercise after a short rest.休息一会儿之后，我们继续做练习。
After he had finished his maths, he went on to do his physics.做完数学后，他接着去做物理。
(2)stop to do sth.停下来去做某事；stop doing sth.停止做某事
stop to do停止、中断做某事后去做另一件事；stop doing停止做某事
Stop thinking, please.请停止思考。
Stop to think about it for a moment.停下来想一会
They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。
I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。
(3)forget to do sth.忘记做某事；forget doing sth.忘记做过某事
forget to do sth忘记要做,动作未发生；forget doing sth忘记做过,动作已发生
I forgot to bring my homework.我忘记带作业了。(没带作业)
I forgot bringing my homework.我忘记已把作业带来了。(作业已带来)
The light in the office is stil on.He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)
(4)remember to do记住要做，未发生；remember doing记得做过，已发生
Please remember to post my letter.请记住把我的信寄出去。(信尚未寄出)
Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。
I remember posting your letter.我记得把你的信寄出去了。(信已寄出)
Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
(5)regret to do对要做的事遗憾(未做)；regret doing对做过的事后悔(已做)
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。
I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。
(6)try to do努力去做某事；try doing试着去做某事
He tried speaking English to us.他试着用英语和我们谈话。
Please try to do better next time.下次设法做得更好些。
You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。
(7)cease to do长时间或永远停做某事；cease doing短时停做某事，以后还会做
That department has ceased to exist forever.那个部门已不复存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。
(8)can't help doing忍不住做了某事；can't help (to)do不能帮助做某事
(9)allow doing允许做某事；allow sb. to do允许某人做某事
We don't allow smoking here.我们不允许在这儿吸烟。
We don't allow students to go out on school days.上学时，我们不允许学生外出。
(10)mean to do打算、想；mean doing意味着
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.赠加工资意味着增加购买力。
介词宾语只能用动名词：
stop...from doing sth.阻止；keep...from doing sth.隐瞒/阻止
be afraid of doing sth.怕/害怕；be proud of doing sth.自豪
be interested in doing感兴趣；be busy in doing忙于；
spend...in doing花费在；feel like doing sth.想要，感觉像是
How/What about doing sth.怎么样
prefer doing to talking喜欢做而不喜欢说
Thank you for teaching us so well.
What about going fishing tomorrow?
介词to容易与不动式to混淆，区分办法：换名词，是否是熟悉的词组
be used to doing sth.习惯于；devote to doing sth.致力于
look forward to doing sth.盼望；pay attention to doing sth.注意
prefer doing sth to doing sth.喜欢；make a contribution to doing sth.贡献
有些表语后接不定式和介词宾语意义上有区别：
be afraid to do不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"；
be afraid of doing担心出现的状况、结果。客观造成的，意为“生怕，恐怕”。
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
有些动词后跟不定式作宾语且有宾补时，常用it代替宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句末：
think(思考), make(制造), find(发现), feel(感觉), hold(把握), call(呼唤), have(持有), take(拿), wish(希望), judge(判断), consider(认为), put(放), believe(信任), imagine(想像), declare(声明)。
记忆口诀：狮子罚干爸，呼尺拿细盘，扔放信箱身。
I find it easy to read English every day.我发现每天读英语很容易。
I feel it my duty to do so. He thought it no harm to smoke.
He made it a rule not to eat between meals.
He had it in mind to advise her. He wished it in his power to do good.
He put it in his head to go to sea. They don't hold it a sin to steal.
一个系动词加上一个表示意愿的形容词(或过去分词)可构成动词短语，如果后面跟一个不定式(作宾语)，这个短语在语法上也相当于一个及物动词。
主语+be+happy, glad, pleased, angry, sure, sorry, afraid, lucky, slow, quick, careful, ready, nice+to do sth.
I am sorry to hear that. He is wrong to say so.
I was very lucky to get a copy so cheap.我这么便宜地买到一本,真是幸运极了。
be quick to learn sth.学某事学得快
Be careful not to fall off the ladder.当心别从梯子上掉下来。
He is ready to help.愿意帮忙
The window needs cleaning.＝The window needs to be cleaned.窗户需要清洗。
(1)不定式作表语，有逻辑主语，可以带宾语和状语
(2)动名词作表语，有逻辑主语，可以带宾语和状语
(3)分词作表语，表示主语的性质或状语，不可以带宾语或状语
Her job is to look after the patients. My wish is to be a scientist.
Our duty is to keep the classroom clean and tidy.
My mother's job is raising chicken.我母亲的工作是养鸡。
His job is feeding animals. The only thing that I want to do is sleeping.
The news is exciting. The result is amazing.
The news is surprising.那个消息令人吃惊。
The boy is too frightened to move.
The window is broken. The door is locked.
He is surprised to hear the news.他听到那个消息感到很吃惊。
We are excited about the exciting news.
动名词作定语，一般放在名词前，与名词没有逻辑关系
不定式作定语，一般放在名词后，与名词是逻辑上的动宾关系
分词作定语，可放动词前或后，与名词是逻辑上的主谓关系
Let's join the singing group.让我们加入合唱队吧。
a working method工作方法；a swimming pool；a sleeping car；a reading room
I have a lot of homework to do.我有许多家庭作业要做。
Give me something to drink. I have two books to read.
They have much food to eat. I have a lot of homework to do.
Would you like something to drink /to read/to eat?
I have something important to tell you.
There is nothing to worry about.没什么要担心的。
He asked for a room to live in. I don't have a pen to write with.
The ice is hard enough to skate on. He bought a toy to play with.
The pen is very good to write with. The chair is nice to sit on.
Weihai is a good place to live in.威海是一个居住的好地方。
Please hand in your written exercises.
She asked Grandma to put a bookmark in each of the borrowed books.
Do you know the girl standing under the tree?
The woman wearing a red coat is my aunt.
The boy named John is from America.那个叫约翰的男孩来自美国。
I like to read books written by LuXun.
The man standing by the windows is our teacher.站在门边的人是我们的老师。
The house built last year has become our lab.去年建的房子已成了我们的实验室。
the surprising news令人惊讶的消息；a surprised man 一个受惊吓的人
a moving film一场感人的电影；the moved people被感动的人们
the developing country 发展中国家；the developed country发达国家
the rising sun正在升起的太阳；the risen sun 升起来的太阳
falling leaves 正在飘落的树叶；fallen leaves落叶（已落下）
(1)一般来说，不论是不定式作状语，还是现在分词、过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语都是句子的主语。
(2)不定式作状语，事情一般未发生或不强调正在发生；现在分词作状语，一般强调动作正在或伴随进行；过去分词作状语，一般强调被动或强调动作已经过去或结果。
Mrs Wang went to Shanghai to see her daughter.(目的)王太太去上海看她女儿。
They went to the shop to buy some school things.(目的状语)
We're glad to meet you here.(原因)我们很高兴在这见到你。
He is too tired to work on.(结果)他太累了而不能继续工作。
My sister is too young to go to school.（结果状语）
The students went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.
A lot of land has gone with the trees, leaving only sand.(结果)
They wake up their parents , calling "Merry Christmas".（伴随）
Looking out of the window, I saw some students sweeping up the bits of paper.朝窗外望去时，我看见一些学生正在清扫纸屑。
The cup fell down to the ground, broken.茶杯掉到了地上，破碎了。
When exposed to light, potatoes will turn green.马铃薯在光的照射下会发绿色。
Asked why he was late, he cried.被问到他为什么迟到时，他哭了。
1.时间状语：Told that his mother was ill, Li Lei hurried home quickly. 李蕾得知母亲生病了时，马上赶回了家。
Seen from the moon, the earth looks green. 从月亮上看时，地球是绿色。
2.原因状语：Broken down on the high way, his car was carried away by the police. 由于他的车在高速公路上坏了，于是被警察拖走了。
Satisfied with what he did, the teacher praised him in class. 由于老师对他所做的事情很满意，于是在班上表扬了他。
3.条件状语：Given a few minutes, I’ll finish it. 再给几分钟的时间，我就会完成了。
Compared with you, I still have a long way to go. 跟你比较起来，我还差得很远呢。
4.让步状语：Explained a hundred times, he still can’t understand it. 即使给他解释一百篇，她还是不会明白。
Trained ten hours a day, he will still be a fool. 即使每天训练十个小时，他也还会是个傻瓜。
5.结果状语：He fell off a tall tree, his leg broken.他从树上摔了下来，腿摔断了。
The cup fell down to the ground, broken.茶杯掉到了地上，破碎了。
有些非谓语动词短语已经游离出来，成为单独的短语，在句子中作状语：
(1)exactly/honestly/frankly/generally speaking准确地说/老实地说/坦率地说/一般说来。如：Exactly speaking, he got here at eight fourteen this morning. 准确地说，今天早晨他是十八点十四分来到这里的。
(2)judging from/by...从/根据某东西判断：Judging by his accent, he is from Hunan. 从他的口音来判断，他是湖南人。
(3)providing/provided…假如/如果：Providing he follows our advice, we can help him. 要是他按我们的建议去做，我们就能帮助他。
(4)considering...考虑到：Considering he was just a little boy, we didn’t punish him. 考虑到他还只是一个小孩，我们就没有惩罚他了。
(5)thinking of...考虑到：Thinking of the environment we live in, the waste can’t be thrown away around directly.考虑到我们所生存的环境，废物不能直接到处乱扔。
(6)talking of...谈到/说到：Talking of math, he became excited. 谈到数学，他就兴奋起来了。
此外，还有短语：taking...into consideration 把某事考虑进去；calculating roughly, 粗略地计算；supposing... 假定；to tell you the truth实话告诉你；to be frank 坦白地说；to begin with首先要做的是；so to speak可以这么说；taken as a whole 从整体上来看；put frankly坦率地说；given that鉴于等。
有些动词后面总是接人和不定式补语：vt.+sb.+to do：
want(想), get(得到), find(发现), wish(愿望), order(命令), like(喜欢), help(帮助), ask(问), tell(告诉), teach(教), know(知道), understand(理解)。
记忆口诀：象得法院明细，帮问高脚荔枝。
Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.露西要他关小收音机。
She asked me to help her. The teacher told him to come on time.
I told him to do it himself. He asked me to buy some oranges for him.
Don't keep us waiting for a long time. I heard him singing in the classroom.
You should have your hair cut.你该理发了。
We had our pictures taken in the middle of the square.
使役动词let,make后接不带to的不定式作宾补
Let me do it. Please let the boy come in.
I can't make the horse go.我无法使这匹马走动。
My mother wouldn't let me go to the film.我妈妈不会让我去看电影的。
不带to的不定式改成被动语态时要加to，宾语补语相应变成主语补语
The boss makes the workers work ten hours a day.
The workers are made to work ten hours a day.(省略的to要恢复)
Please help me arrange these papers.请帮我整理这些文件。
He offered to help me find it.他表示愿意[主动提出]帮我去找它
Go and help wash up at the sink.到(厨房)洗涤槽去帮忙洗碗盘吧!
She was helped to carry the parcels.她有人帮忙提拎包裹
感官动词see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel等后面可接不带to的不定式和动名词，意义有不同：
接不带to不定式作宾补，表示已经完成或经常性的动作，强调动作完整性
I saw him cross the street. I often saw him go to the cinema last year.
I saw him cross the street. I often saw him go to the cinema last year.
Did you notice him leave the house? I often hear him sing the song.
接现在分词作宾补，表示动作正在进行着，强调动作的连续性、进行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活。(强调"看见"这个事实)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"正干活"这个动作）
I heard him singing in the classroom.我听到他正在教室里唱歌。(“唱”这个动作正在进行)
I heard him sing in the classroom.我听到他在教室里唱歌了。(“唱”这个动作已结束)
I saw him going up the stairs.我看见他正在上楼。(“上楼”这个动作正在进行)
I saw him go up the stairs.我看见他上楼了。(“上楼”这个动作已完成) |
